EV yekuchaja matekinoroji muChina neUnited States akafanana zvakanyanya.Munyika mbiri idzi, tambo nemapulagi ndiyo yakanyanya hunyanzvi tekinoroji yekuchaja mota dzemagetsi.(Kuchaja pasina waya uye kuchinjanisa bhatiri kune kashoma kuvepo.) Pane misiyano pakati penyika mbiri idzi maererano nemazinga ekuchaja, miitiro yekuchaja uye maprotocol ekutaurirana.Izvi zvakafanana uye kusiyana zvinokurukurwa pasi apa.
A. Matanho ekuchaja
MuUnited States, kuwanda kweEV kuchaja kunoitika pa120 volts uchishandisa unmodified home wall outlets.Izvi zvinowanzozivikanwa seNhanho 1 kana "trickle" kuchaja.Nekuchaja Level 1, bhatiri re30 kWh rinotora maawa angangosvika gumi nemaviri kubva pa20% kusvika pakuchaja izere.(Hapana 120 volt outlets muChina.)
Munyika mbiri dzeChina neUnited States, kuwanda kweEV kuchaja kunoitika pa220 volts (China) kana 240 volts (United States).MuUnited States, izvi zvinozivikanwa seLevel 2 kuchaja.
Kuchaja kwakadaro kunogona kuitika nezvitoro zvisina kugadziridzwa kana nyanzvi yekuchaja EV uye kazhinji inoshandisa ingangoita 6–7 kW yemagetsi.Kana ichichaja pa220–240 volts, bhatiri re30 kWh rinotora angangoita maawa matanhatu kuenda kubva pa20% kusvika pakuchaji izere.
Chekupedzisira, zvese China neUnited States vane ma network ari kukura eDC anokurumidza kuchaja, anowanzo kushandisa 24 kW, 50 kW, 100 kW kana 120 kW yesimba.Zvimwe zviteshi zvinogona kupa 350 kW kana kunyange 400 kW emagetsi.Aya maDC anokurumidza machaja anogona kutora bhatiri remotokari kubva pa20% kusvika pakuchaja izere munguva dzinobvira paawa imwe kusvika padiki semaminitsi gumi.
Tafura 6:Maharaji ekuchaja akanyanya kuUS
| Kuchaja Level | Vehicle Range Yakawedzerwa per Charge Time uyeSimba | Supply Power |
| AC Level 1 | 4 mi/awa @ 1.4kW 6 mi/awa @ 1.9kW | 120 V AC/20A (12-16A inoenderera) |
| AC Level 2 | 10 mi/awa @ 3.4kW 20 mi/a @ 6.6kW 60 mi/a @19.2kW | 208/240 V AC/20-100A (16-80A inoenderera) |
| Dynamic nguva-ye-kushandiswa kuchaja tariffs | 24 mi/20 maminitsi @ 24kW 50 mi/20 maminitsi @ 50kW 90 mi/20 maminitsi @90kW | 208/480 V AC 3-chikamu (input current proportional to output power; ~20-400A AC) |
Kwakabva: US Department of Energy
B. Kuchaja Maitiro
i.China
China ine imwe nyika yese EV inokurumidza kuchaja mwero.IUS ine matatu EV anokurumidza kuchaja zviyero.
Chiyero cheChinese chinozivikanwa seChina GB/T.(MakutangaGBmirira mwero wenyika.)
China GB / T yakabudiswa muna 2015 mushure memakore akawanda ekuvandudzwa.124 Iko zvino inosungirwa kune motokari itsva dzemagetsi dzinotengeswa muChina.Vepasi rese automaker, kusanganisira Tesla, Nissan uye BMW, vatora iyo GB/T chiyero cheEVs yavo inotengeswa kuChina.GB/T parizvino inobvumira kuchaja nekukurumidza pa237.5 kW yekubuda (pa950 V uye 250 amps), kunyangwe akawanda.
Chinese DC inokurumidza kuchaja inopa 50 kW kuchaja.Iyo itsva GB/T ichaburitswa muna 2019 kana 2020, iyo inonzi ichasimudza mwero kuti ubatanidze kuchaja kusvika ku900 kW yemotokari hombe dzekutengesa.GB/T ndeyeChina-chete mwero: mashoma maEV akagadzirwa neChina anotengeswa kunze kwenyika anoshandisa mamwe maitiro.125
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2018, iyo China Electricity Council (CEC) yakazivisa memorandamu yekunzwisisa neiyo CHAdeMO network, yakavakirwa muJapan, kuti vabatane kugadzira yekuchaja inokurumidza.Chinangwa ndechekuenderana pakati peGB / T uye CHAdeMO yekuchaja nekukurumidza.Masangano maviri aya achadyidzana kuwedzera mwero kunyika dziri kunze kweChina neJapan.126
ii.Nyika dzakabatana
MuUnited States, kune matatu EV ekuchaja zviyero zveDC yekuchaja nekukurumidza: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo uye Tesla.
CHAdeMO ndiyo yaive yekutanga EV yekuchaja chiyero, yakasvika 2011. Yakagadzirwa neTokyo.
Electric Power Company uye inomirira "Charge to Move" (pun in Japanese) .127 CHAdeMO ikozvino inoshandiswa muUnited States muNissan Leaf neMitsubishi Outlander PHEV, iyo iri pakati pemotokari dzemagetsi dzinotengeswa zvikuru.Kubudirira kweLeaf muUnited States kungaveELECTRIC VHICLE KUCHAJA MUCHINA NEKUUNITED STATES
ENERGYPOLICY.COLUMBIA.EDU |FEBRUARY 2019 |
nekuda kwechimwe chikamu chekuzvipira kweNissan kwekutanga kuburitsa CHAdeMO kukurumidza kuchaja zvivakwa munzvimbo dzinotengeswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemudhorobha.128 Kubva muna Ndira 2019, pakanga paine machaja anokurumidza 2,900 eCHAdeMO muUnited States (pamwe neanopfuura 7,400 muJapan ne7,900. muEurope).129
Muna 2016, CHAdeMO yakazivisa kuti ichakwidziridza mwero wayo kubva pachiyero chayo chekutanga chekuchaja chemakumi manomwe.
kW kupa 150 kW.130 Muna Chikumi 2018 CHAdeMO yakazivisa kutangwa kwe400 kW kuchaja kugona, ichishandisa 1,000 V, 400 amp tambo dzemvura-yakatonhorera.Kuchaja kwepamusoro kuchavepo kuti kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nemotokari huru dzekutengesa dzakadai semarori nemabhazi.131
Yechipiri yekuchaja mwero muUnited States inozivikanwa seCCS kana SAE Combo.Yakaburitswa muna 2011 neboka revagadziri vemotokari vekuEurope neUS.Shokocomboinoratidza kuti plug ine zvese AC kuchaja (kusvika 43 kW) uye DC kuchaja.132 In
Germany, mubatanidzwa weCharging Interface Initiative (CharIN) wakaumbwa kuti utsigire kutorwa kweCCS kwakapararira.Kusiyana neCHAdeMO, plug yeCCS inogonesa DC uye AC kuchaja nechiteshi chimwe chete, kuderedza nzvimbo uye kuvhurika kunodiwa pamutumbi wemotokari.Jaguar,
Volkswagen, General Motors, BMW, Daimler, Ford, FCA neHyundai vanotsigira CCS.Tesla akabatanawo nemubatanidzwa uye munaNovember 2018 akazivisa motokari dzayo muEurope dzaizouya dzakashongedzwa neCCS charging ports.133 Chevrolet Bolt uye BMW i3 dziri pakati peEVs dzakakurumbira muUnited States dzinoshandisa CCS kuchaja.Nepo CCS inokurumidza kuchaja ichipa kuchaja kunosvika makumi mashanu kW, chirongwa cheElectrify America chinosanganisira kuchaja nekukurumidza kwe350 kW, izvo zvinogona kugonesa kuchaja kunenge kuzere mukati memaminitsi gumi.
Yechitatu yekuchaja chiyero muUnited States inoshandiswa naTesla, iyo yakatanga yavo proprietary Supercharger network muUnited States munaGunyana 2012.134 Tesla.
MaSupercharger anowanzo shanda ari 480 volts uye anopa kuchaja inokwana 120 kW.As
yaNdira 2019, webhusaiti yeTesla yakaronga nzvimbo makumi mashanu neshanu dzeSupercharger muUnited States, paine dzimwe nzvimbo mazana mana nemakumi maviri "zviri kuuya munguva pfupi."
Mukutsvagisa kwatakaita mushumo uyu, takabvunza vakabvunzurudzwa vekuUS kana vachifunga kushomeka kwemwero yenyika yekuchaja nekukurumidza sechipinganidzo kukutora EV.Vashoma vakapindura vachitsigira.Zvikonzero zvekuti akawanda DC anokurumidza kuchaja zviyero hazvionekwe sedambudziko zvinosanganisira:
● Kuchaja kwakawanda kweEV kunoitika kumba nekubasa, nemajaja eLevel 1 ne2.
● Zvizhinji zveveruzhinji uye zvekuchaja zvivakwa kusvika parizvino zvakashandisa majaja eLevel 2.
● MaAdhapter aripo anobvumira varidzi veEV kuti vashandise akawanda DC majaja anokurumidza, kunyange kana EV nechaja dzichishandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchaja.(Iyo yakanyanya kusarudzika, iyo Tesla supercharging network, inongovhurika kumotokari dzeTesla.) Zvinonyanya kukosha, pane zvimwe zvinonetsa nezve kuchengetedzwa kwekukurumidza-kuchaja adapta.
● Sezvo puragi nechibatanidza chichimiririra chikamu chidiki chemutengo wechiteshi chekuchaja nekukurumidza, izvi zvinopa dambudziko diki rehunyanzvi kana rezvemari kuvaridzi vechiteshi uye zvinogona kufananidzwa nemapombi epeturu yeoctane yakasiyana pachiteshi chemafuta.Zviteshi zveruzhinji zvekuchaja zvine akawanda mapulagi akasungirirwa kune imwechete yekuchaja positi, zvichibvumira chero mhando yeEV kuchaja ipapo.Chokwadi, matunhu mazhinji anoda kana kukurudzira izvi.ELECTRIC VHICLE KUCHAJA MUCHINA NEKUUNITED STATES
38 |CENTER PAGLOBAL ENERGY POLICY |COLUMBIA SIPA
Vamwe vagadziri vemotokari vakati network yekuchaja yakasarudzika inomiririra nzira yemakwikwi.Claas Bracklo, mukuru wemagetsi kuBMW uye sachigaro weCharIN, akataura muna 2018, "Takagadzira CharIN kuti tivake chinzvimbo chesimba." kuda kubvumira mamwe mamodeli emotokari kushandisa network yayo chero vachipa mari yakaenzana nekushandiswa.138 Tesla inhengo yeCharIN inokurudzira CCS.Muna Mbudzi 2018, yakazivisa kuti mota dzeModel 3 dzinotengeswa muEurope dzaizouya dzakashongedzerwa neCCS ports.Varidzi veTesla vanogonawo kutenga ma adapter kuti vawane CHAdeMO fast charger.139
C. Kuchaja Kukurukurirana Protocols Kuchaja maprotocol ekutaurirana kunodiwa kuti uwedzere kuchaja kune zvinodiwa nemushandisi (kuona mamiriro echaji, voltage yebhatiri uye kuchengetedzeka) uye kune grid (kusanganisira
kugovera network network, nguva-ye-kushandiswa kwemitengo uye zviyero zvekupindura zvinoda) .140 China GB / T uye CHAdeMO vanoshandisa nzira yekukurukurirana inoziva seCAN, nepo CCS inoshanda nePLC protocol.Vhura maprotocol ekutaurirana, akadai seOpen Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) yakagadziridzwa neOpen Charging Alliance, ari kuwedzera mukurumbira muUnited States neEurope.
Mukutsvagisa kwedu kwechinyorwa ichi, vakati wandei vekuUS vakabvunzurudzwa vakataura danho rekuenda kune yakavhurika maprotocol uye software seyakanyanya kukosha.Kunyanya, mamwe mapurojekiti ekuchaja veruzhinji akawana mari pasi peAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) akanzi akanga asarudza vatengesi vane mapuratifomu evaridzi vakazosangana nematambudziko emari, vachisiya michina yakaputsika yaida kutsiviwa.141 Maguta mazhinji, zvishandiso, uye kuchaja. network yakabatwa pachidzidzo ichi yakaratidza tsigiro yeakavhurika ekutaurirana maprotocol uye zvinokurudzira kugonesa kuchaja mauto etiweki kuti ashandure vanopa.142
D. Mari
Machaja epamba anochipa muChina pane kuUnited States.KuChina, akajairika 7 kW madziro akaiswa pamba charger anotengesa online pakati peRMB 1,200 neRMB 1,800.143 Kuisa kunoda imwe mari.(Zvakawanda zvakatengwa zveEV zvepachivande zvinouya nechaja uye kuiswa zvinosanganisirwa.) MuUnited States, majaja ekumba eku Level 2 anodhura ari pakati pe $450-$600, pamwe neavhareji inosvika $500 yekuisa.144 DC yekuchaja midziyo yekukurumidza inodhura zvakanyanya nyika mbiri.Mitengo inosiyana-siyana.Imwe nyanzvi yekuChina yakabvunzurudzwa nezvemushumo uyu inofungidzira kuti kuisa 50 kW DC yekuchaja nzvimbo muChina kunowanzo dhura pakati peRMB 45,000 neRMB 60,000, nepositi yekuchaja pachayo ichiverengera RMB 25,000 - RMB 35,000 uye cabling, zvivakwa zvepasi pevhu uye accounting yevashandi. pane zvasara.145 MuUnited States, DC kuchaja nekukurumidza kunogona kuita makumi ezviuru zvemadhora papositi.Misiyano mikuru inokanganisa mutengo wekuisa DC inokurumidza kuchaja michina inosanganisira kudiwa kwe trenching, transformer upgrades, mitsva kana kusimudzira maseketi uye mapaneru emagetsi uye aesthetic upgrades.Chiratidzo, mvumo uye kuwana kune vakaremara zvimwewo zvinofungwa.146
E. Wireless Kuchaja
Wireless kuchaja kunopa akati wandei mabhenefiti, anosanganisira aesthetics, kuchengetedza nguva uye nyore kushandisa.
Yakanga iripo kuma1990 yeEV1 (motokari yemagetsi ekutanga) asi isingawanzowaniki nhasi.147 Wireless EV yekuchaja masisitimu akapihwa online akasiyana mumutengo kubva kumadhora 1,260 kusvika kumadhora zviuru zvitatu zvemadhora zviuru zvitatu. zvakapoteredza 85%.149 Zvigadzirwa zvekuchaja zvisina waya zvinopa kufambisa simba kwe3–22 kW;machaja asina waya anowanikwa kune akati wandei maEV modhi kubva kuPlugless charge ingave 3.6 kW kana 7.2 kW, yakaenzana neNhamba 2 yekuchaja.150 Nepo vazhinji vashandisi veEV vachifunga kuti kuchaja pasina waya hakukodzeri mumwe muripo,151 vamwe vaongorori vakafungidzira kuti tekinoroji ichakurumidza kupararira, uye vagadziri vemotokari vakati wandei vazivisa kuti vaizopa waya yekuchaja senge sarudzo pane ramangwana EVs.Kuchaja pasina waya kunogona kukwezva kune dzimwe mota dzine nzira dzakatsanangurwa, dzakaita semabhazi eruzhinji, uye yakarongerwawo kune ramangwana nzira dzemagetsi dzemumigwagwa, kunyange mutengo wakakwira, kushaja kwakaderera uye kumhanya kunononoka kuchaja zvingave zvipingamupinyi.152
F. Battery Swapping
Nemabhatiri ekuchinjanisa tekinoroji, mota dzemagetsi dzaigona kuchinjanisa mabhatiri adzo apera kune mamwe anochajiswa zvizere.Izvi zvaizopfupisa zvakanyanya nguva inodiwa kubhadharisa EV, ine zvakakosha zvingave zvinobatsira kune vatyairi.
Maguta akati wandei eChinese nemakambani ari kuyedza kuchinjanisa mabhatiri, aine tarisiro yekushandiswa kwepamusoro kwezvikepe zveEV, sematekisi.Guta reHangzhou rakashandisa kuchinja kwebhatiri kune zvikepe zvaro zvematekisi, izvo zvinoshandisa munzvimbo inogadzirwa Zotye EVs.155 Beijing yakavaka zviteshi zvakawanda zvekuchinja mabhatiri mukuedza kunotsigirwa neveko automaker BAIC.Mukupera kwa2017, BAIC yakazivisa hurongwa hwekuvaka zviteshi zvekuchinjisa zviuru zvitatu munyika yose ne2021.156 The Chinese EV startup NIO inoronga kutora tekinoroji yekuchinja mabhatiri kune dzimwe mota dzayo uye yakazivisa kuti ichavaka 1,100 swapping station muChina.157 Maguta akati wandei muChina— kusanganisira Hangzhou neQingdao-vakashandisawo kuchinja kwebhatiri kumabhazi.158
MuUnited States, nhaurirano yekuchinjana kwebhatiri yakapera zvichitevera kubhuroka kwe2013 kweIsrael bhatiri-swap kutanga Project Better Place, iyo yakanga yaronga network yezviteshi zvekuchinjisa mota dzevatyairi. nzvimbo yekuratidzira, vachipomera kushaikwa kwechido chevatengi.Pane zvishoma kana pane zviedzo zviri kuitika maererano nekuchinjana kwebhatiri muUnited States nhasi.154 Kuderera kwemari yebhatiri, uye zvichida kusvika pamwero muduku kushandiswa kweDDC kukurumidza-charging infrastructure, zvingangove zvakaderedza kukwezva kwebhatiri kuchinja mu Nyika dzakabatana.
Nepo kuchinjisa bhatiri kuchipa zvakati wandei zvakanakira, kune zvinobatika zvinokanganisa zvakare.Bhatiri reEV rinorema uye rinowanzo kuwanikwa pazasi pemotokari, richigadzira chinhu chakakosha chechimiro chine kushivirira kweinjiniya yekumisikidza uye kubatanidza magetsi.Mabhatiri emazuva ano anowanzoda kutonhora, uye kubatanidza uye kubvisa zvigadziro zvekutonhodza kwakaoma.159 Zvichipa hukuru uye uremu hwadzo, zvirongwa zvebhatiri zvinofanira kukwana zvakakwana kuti zvidzivise kutinhira, kuderedza kupera uye kuchengetedza motokari pakati.Skateboard bhatiri dhizaini yakajairika muEVs yanhasi inonatsiridza kuchengetedzwa nekudzikisa uremu hwepakati hwemotokari uye nekuvandudza dziviriro yekuparara kumberi nekumashure.Mabhatiri anobviswa ari muhunde kana kumwewo angashaya mukana uyu.Sezvo varidzi vemotokari vazhinji vanochaja zvakanyanya kumba kanaELECTRIC VHICLE KUCHAJA MUCHINA NEKUUNITED STATESkubasa, kuchinjanisa bhatiri hakuzogadzirise nyaya dzekuchaja zvivakwa- zvinongobatsira kugadzirisa kuchaja neruzhinji.Uye nekuti vazhinji vanogadzira mota havadi kumisikidza mabhatiri mapaketi kana dhizaini-mota dzakagadzirwa dzakatenderedza mabhatiri avo nemamotor, zvichiita kuti iyi ive yakakosha kukosha160-kuchinja kwebhatiri kungangoda yakaparadzana swapping station network yekambani yega yega yemotokari kana kupatsanura michina yekuchinjisa yemhando dzakasiyana uye. saizi dzemotokari.Kunyangwe marori ekuchinjisa bhatiri akakurudzirwa,161 iyi modhi yebhizinesi haisati yaitwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jan-20-2021